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- TP/IX Working Group R. L. Ullmann
- Internet Draft Process Software Corporation
- June 30, 1993
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- Transit Policy Routing in TP/IX
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- 1 Status of this Memo
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- This memo discusses the requirements of transit policy routing, and
- methods of implementation using TP/IX-IPv7 and RAP. It is
- informational.
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- This document is an Internet Draft. Internet Drafts are working
- documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its Areas,
- and its Working Groups. (Note that other groups may also distribute
- working documents as Internet Drafts).
-
- Internet Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months.
- Internet Drafts may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other
- documents at any time. It is not appropriate to use Internet Drafts
- as reference material or to cite them other than as a "working draft"
- or "work in progress."
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- Please check the I-D abstract listing contained in each Internet Draft
- directory to learn the current status of this or any other Internet
- Draft.
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- Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 1]
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- Internet draft Transit Policy Routing in TP/IX June 30, 1993
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- 2 Contents
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- 1 Status of this Memo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
- 2 Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
- 3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
- 4 Outline of requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
- 4.1 Source selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
- 4.2 USA legal requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
- 5 Basic service offering scenario . . . . . . . . . . 5
- 5.1 Routes offered by IXCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
- 5.2 Cost-based selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
- 5.3 Per-datagram route identification . . . . . . . . 6
- 6 Transit Network Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
- 7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
- 8 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
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- Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 2]
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- Internet draft Transit Policy Routing in TP/IX June 30, 1993
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- 3 Introduction
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- The future Internet must support routing under a number of policy
- constraints, some of which will appear very arbitrary from a technical
- standpoint, being based on political regulations and such mundane
- issues as minimizing the monentary cost of specific traffic flows.
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- One specific requirement is the ability of a traffic source to select
- the transit network(s) to be used for specific subsets of the offerred
- traffic.
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- While this memo discusses the use of RAP as the routing protocol to
- provide the policy selection required, this is not exclusive: any
- routing protocol with the proper features may be used over TP/IX-IPv7
- to meet the requirements.
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- Note that while the problems and methods describe the relationship
- between commercial local-exchange and inter-exchange carriers and
- their customers, the discussion applies equally well to the cost
- management problems that occur within large organizations and within
- the network service providers themselves.
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- 4 Outline of requirements
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- The considerations for selection of IXCs (inter-exchange carriers, in
- terminology derived from USA usage) include cost, availability, local
- policies (such as contracts with IXCs), non-local policies (national
- rules on transit traffic), and the human desire to control what is
- controllable: e.g., management says we are to use carrier X for all
- EDI traffic.
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- These considerations can vary rapidly, and multiple selection
- decisions may be in use simultaneously. A particular source may at
- the same time be routing some traffic via one carrier, and some via
- another; there may be dozens of carriers involved.
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- Cost can vary in real time, and may also be affected by volume
- discount programs (known to the customer and the IXC, but not known to
- the local exchange). In particular, IXCs may offer pricing in real
- time, in response to network load or any other factor the IXC wants to
- take into account.
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- Availability is subject to change: a major failure within one IXC
- will result in traffic being transferred to others. It is best if
- this is done by the customer selecting routes, not by "splashing." At
- the same time, this is going to trip overload event triggers in other
- IXCs as traffic is transferred, and the results of those trips
- (premium pricing, rate limitations) must be communicated to the users.
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- A good description of some related problems can be found in [Perl92]
- pages 245 ff.
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- Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 3]
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- 4.1 Source selection
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- In the following diagram A and B are traffic sources within a customer
- network, C is the "border" router within the customer's management, N
- is the first router within the local exchange.
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- D-F is one transit network, and E-G is another. The destination of
- the traffic is X (possibly with its own set of local exchange and
- internal routers.) Each router may, of course, be a number of routers
- in some locally defined topology; they are abstracted here as one.
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- A D ------ ... ------ F
- \ / \
- \ / \
- \ / \
- C ------ N X
- / \ /
- / \ /
- / \ /
- B E ------ ... ------ G
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- Router C must be able to acquire knowledge in real time of the
- availability and costs of the transit networks, and be able to select
- one for each datagram forwarded to router N. C must also be able to
- offer this same degree of flexibility in network selection to A and B.
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- Likewise, router N must be able to determine which transit network to
- use for each datagram received from C, and be able to offer the routes
- to C.
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- All of the decisions that may possibly be affected by policy must be
- made available to the customer's equipment.
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- 4.2 USA legal requirement
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- In particular, it is not only unacceptable, but actually illegal in
- the USA for a local provider to make a decision selecting an
- inter-exchange provider on behalf of the customer. The present
- providers of the Internet service in the USA avoid this by using lines
- leased from the local provider (regional Bell operating company (RBOC)
- or other local exchange company (LEC)); this effectively excludes the
- RBOCs and other LECs from the business of providing Internet service
- under the present (IPv4) routing paradigm.
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- To meet the equal access requirements, the LECs must provide the
- ability to pre-subscribe a line (not difficult, even with IPv4,
- although it may cause troublesome interactions with IPv4 routing
- protocols). The LECs must also provide "per-call" transit network
- selection. In a connectionless network layer service, this means
- per-datagram selection.
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- Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 4]
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- While this requirement is specific to the USA, other countries can be
- expected to establish similar requirements as they open their telecoms
- markets to direct competition.
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- 5 Basic service offering scenario
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- Given the complexity of the requirements, it is clear that no
- standardized structure for making decisions within the (provider)
- network on the basis of requests for grades of service is going to be
- adequate. Individual "calls", i.e. flow setups, can demand specific
- resources, but the general decision making must be offered to the
- customer equipment, where a decision of arbitrary complexity on an
- arbitrary set of constraints can be made.
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- The method used in IPv7 and RAP to provide this level of service is
- described in the following sections.
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- 5.1 Routes offered by IXCs
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- Each IXC offers a set of routes via its interconnection points with
- the LECs. Each route describes a particular aggregation of
- destinations; by country, AD, whatever hierarchy may be established
- with an AD, or individual networks. In some cases, it may be for
- individual "hosts"; addresses of well-known service offerings, along
- the lines of (the USA) "800" numbers, which can be located anywhere,
- via any provider.
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- There may also be routes offered for individual hosts that are roaming
- in the cellular/wireless service; this may ordinarily be via different
- interconnection points, and then aggregated into the general service.
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- Each route carries a tag identifying the transit provider. It also
- carries descriptors of cost and other attributes of the path(s)
- offered. Some of the routes may carry the target attribute: i.e.,
- the LEC is directed to offer the route only to one specific customer
- or aggregation.
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- The LECs then offer these routes to their customers, subject to any
- local policies of the LEC or pre-subscription of the customer. The
- offered routes carry forward route identifiers assigned by the LEC
- router.
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- 5.2 Cost-based selection
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- The router at or near the traffic source can then make a decision to
- use one or more particular routes for a destination. This decision
- may be based on cost, as viewed by the policies of its owner.
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- A pure monentary-cost based decision may result in very frequent
- changes of transit network selection, as the networks compete in real
- time for traffic. Some attention may need to be given to maintaining
- network stability in this case.
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- Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 5]
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- 5.3 Per-datagram route identification
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- The router making a decision then identifies the route desired by
- copying the forward route identifier from RAP into the FrID field in
- the datagrams.
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- For flow, or full connection-based circuit setup, the source router
- uses the FrID in the setup exchange, and then records the flow ID or
- circuit LCN (logical channel number) in the FrID field of the IPv7
- datagram. If RAP is being used as the setup protocol, this reduces to
- the same operation.
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- 6 Transit Network Identifier
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- The Transit Network Identifier option of RAP (type 14, format 2, class
- any) tags a route as being offered by a particular transit network.
- This permits datagram source selection of route(s) traversing or not
- traversing the identified network.
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- The data is a domain name, probably the name of the network, although
- it may be the name of the organization owning the network,
- particularily in the case of a commerical service offering. It may
- also be a domain name assigned specifically for this purpose within
- the naming domain of an organization.
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- Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 6]
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- Internet draft Transit Policy Routing in TP/IX June 30, 1993
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- 7 References
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- [Perl92] Radia Perlman. Interconnections: Bridges and Routers.
- Addison-Wesley. Reading, Massachusetts. 1992.
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- [RFC1475] Robert Ullmann. TP/IX: The Next Internet. Process
- Software Corporation. June, 1993.
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- [RFC1476] Robert Ullmann. RAP: Internet Route Access Protocol.
- Process Software Corporation. June, 1993.
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- 8 Author's Address
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- Robert Ullmann
- Process Software Corporation
- 959 Concord Street
- Framingham, MA 01701
- USA
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- Phone: +1 508 879 6994 x226
- Email: Ariel@Process.COM
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- Ullmann DRAFT: expires December 29, 1993 [page 7]
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